Lassen County, California
History
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A Brief Lassen
County History
As the discovery of gold in 1848 sparked a flow of westward migration,
new settlers sought an alternative to the route through Donner
Pass to cross the Sierra Mountain Range. Peter Lassen first
explored the area that is now Lassen County and, in 1851, William Nobles began leading
settlers over a route that ran from the Humboldt River (in the State of Nevada) to Shasta
City at the northern end of the Sacramento Valley. Of the thousands of people that
passed through what is now Lassen County, some chose to remain in the Honey Lake Valley (what is now Susanville). Among
those early settlers of Susanville was Isaac Roop, who established a trading
post where travelers along the Nobles Emigrant Trail could stock up with
provisions before crossing the Sierra
Mountains.
First known as Rooptown, Isaac Roop’s settlement later was named Susanville
for Roop's daughter, Susan. Today, the William
H. Pratt
Museum is housed in the original
structure that Roop built when he arrived in the Honey Lake Valley. Open daily, Roop's Fort is a
must-see for visitors to the area; it is located just off of
Main Street
in downtown Susanville.
In 1856, Isaac Roop and Peter Lassen led a group of disgruntled settlers,
who were unhappy over efforts of Plumas
County, California
officials to levy and collect taxes in the isolated and sparsely-populated
region in and around Susanville. At the same time, those settlers were equally
unwilling to be considered a part of the Territory of Utah
- a vast region that included parts of what were to become several western
states. Roop, Lassen, and their followers opted to form a separate territory,
which they named Nataqua.
The short-lived Republic of Nataqua
was largely ignored, since the region affected had but a few hundred settlers.
When the Territory
of Nevada was established
in 1861, Isaac Roop was made governor of the Territory. A few years later,
surveys of the area established that Susanville was actually a part of the
State of California and the County of Lassen
was established in 1864.
LASSEN'S PAST
by Lassen County
Historian, Tim I. Purdy
Lassen County has so many interesting facets to explore, and its heritage is no
exception. Whether your interest is in emigrant trails, railroads, logging,
ghost towns, politics, or in another area, something of interest to everyone
can be found in Lassen
County. Whether you are
contemplating a visit or planning to move here, we will provide you with many
of the highlights of our past, in what is referred to as the "Land of the Neversweats".
Among the original explorers of the region were fur
trappers of the Hudson Bay Company who roamed the northwest region of the
county known as Big
Valley in the 1820s.
Little did these fur trappers know that their network of trails left behind in
the 1830s would assist John C. Fremont and his small army of the 1840s.
Fremont, who was ordered out of the state by Mexican governor Pio Rico, brought his small band of troops to Big Valley
and remained there for a time to plan his Bear Flag revolt and embark on his
colorful campaign that would lead to the creation of California.
However, it would take the gold rush of 1949 before
the California
region truly was noticed. The development of the Lassen and Noble Emigrant
Trails brought emigrants through the region. Remnants of these trails still can
be seen today and certain sites have historical markers. While traffic
continued through the area, it would not be until 1854 when Isaac N. Roop and
Company established a trading post at the west end of Honey Lake Valley. This was the humble beginnings
of the town of Susanville, the second oldest
settlement in the eastern Great Basin. Two
years later, a small gold rush occurred just south of Roop's trading post
causing the permanent settlement of Honey
Lake Valley
and of Lassen County.
These new residents found that they needed some type
of government for their new home and established the Territory of Nataqua.
It was perceived that the area was outside the jurisdiction of California and the Utah
Territory (Nevada
having not been formed yet), and, so, the settlers thought themselves free from
Plumas County
and State of California
taxes. By the early 1860s, with a survey of California
boundaries, it was discovered that Honey
Lake was part of the Golden State
and, in fact, did belong to Plumas
County. The citizens were
not pleased with that fact, since a part of their independent nature was due to
their isolation and being cut off from the rest of the State by the Sierra
Nevada Mountains, nor were they pleased with the fact that now they were being
forced to pay taxes. These ensuing events led up to the Sagebrush War, a
two-day skirmish fought in Susanville in February 1863 between the residents
and the Plumas County Tax Officials. While the residents lost that battle, they
did win the war and on April 1, 1864, the County of Lassen
was created. The county was named after Peter Lassen. Lassen was a Danish
emigrant who came to this state in 1840 and spent his last years prospecting
the Honey Lake Valley.
He was murdered in 1859 on an expedition in the Black Rock Desert.
By 1880, settlements had sprung up all over Lassen
County – Bieber, Hayden Hill, Toadtown,
Madeline, Buntingville, and Paradise City to name a
few – some of which no longer exist today. This time period
brought the arrival of the iron horse, namely that of the
Nevada-California-Oregon Railway which traversed the eastern side of the
County. The railroad, sometimes referred to as the Narrow Crooked & Ornery,
was a narrow gauge line that operated from 1880 to 1927. It has the unique
distinction of being the nation's longest narrow gauge line during that
century.
Though the N-C-O railroad helped develop the
high-desert region of eastern Lassen, it would be the Fernley & Lassen
Railroad, built in 1913, that would tap the vast timber resources of the
county's western region. Among these developments was the Red River Lumber
company's town of Westwood.
The Red River Lumber Company was the world's largest electrical sawmill of the
times. Two other large mills followed suit and located in Susanville. All three
of these companies had extensive railroad logging lines and camps throughout
the forest, which finally closed down in 1956. So, do not be surprised if you
go hiking in the woods and come across sections of old railroad grades with the
ties still in place or an abandoned logging camp.
While the large mills are now only memories, they
transformed both Susanville and Westwood into the communities we know today.
Yet, do not overlook other towns, like Janesville,
which missed out by one vote from becoming the county seat in 1864, or
Standish, established in 1897 as an experimental utopian village. It took four
different attempts since 1892 to establish the town of Herlong. Even once
the town was established, Herlong did not evolve
until 1942, when it became a part of the Army's ordinance depot. Doyle is the
small town with a big heart. Wendel and Bieber are railroad towns in idyllic settings that once
helped to serve the needs of the bustling Hayden Hill, which is now a ghost
town.
Come explore Lassen
County, California
for its past, present, and future. We think that you will enjoy it.
The Sagebrush (or Roop County)
War
by Lassen
County historian, Tim I.
Purdy
On Sunday
morning, February 15, 1863, the quiet of the town of Susanville
was broken by the sound of gunfire as forces of Roop County Nevada and Plumas
County California battled for control of the Honey Lake
region.
The stage had
been set for this conflict two years earlier, when an act of Congress approved
the boundaries of Nevada
as a territory. The concluding line of the act read as follows: '..excepted from the area covered by this description any
portion of California
that might be included, unless that State should assent to such segregation.'
Surveyors had
measured out the boundaries of Nevada such
that the town of Aurora in the Esmeralda gold
fields was on the Nevada side of the line, and
the town of Susanville in the north was on the California side. Both
states claimed jurisdiction over these areas and attempted to govern them
simultaneously. Saloon fights and embattled tax collectors became commonplace.
Despite pleas
by Nevada Governor James Nye, the California Legislature refused to acknowledge
the Nevada claim to the Honey Lake
region. Bowing to the wishes of some of the citizens of the area, that they not
be ruled by the officials of California's Plumas County, Nevada
organized the disputed area into a new county called Roop. Named after Isaac
Roop, Nevada's
first Territorial Governor - it's county seat was
established at Susanville.
Injunctions
were issued by both sides to prevent the other from conducting governmental
business, and both sides ignored these injunctions. Finally, Plumas County
Judge E. T. Hogan sent Sheriff E. H. Pierce and Deputy J. D. Byers to
Susanville with arrest warrants for Probate Judge John S. Ward and Roop County
Sheriff William Naileigh. They arrived in Susanville
on the 6th of February, and were immediately served
with a counter warrant from Judge Ward. After several arrests and counter
arrests, during which Naileigh, Ward, Pierce, and
Byers were in and out of each others custody, things began to come to a head on
the evening of February 13th. At about 9 o'clock that night, a group of
overzealous Roop citizens at Toadtown heard of the
latest arrest and release of their officials and rode to Susanville to set things
right. Taking the beleaguered Judge and Sheriff into a kind of protective
custody, they retreated to an old log
fort on the edge
of town. They posted sentries and settled down to see what the Plumas
contingent would do next.
The morning of
February 15th found thirty, or so, Roop county men inside the old stockade
originally build by Isaac Roop as a defense against Indians and almost 100
Plumas County men occupying an old barn on the corner of Union and Nevada
streets about 150 yards away. While attempting to collect lumber to help
fortify the barn, the Plumas men came under fire from the men stationed in the
old fort and the battle was on.
The
hostilities soon settled into a 4-hour exchange of mostly intentionally
inaccurate gun fire - both sides feeling that the
disagreement was not worth killing or dying for. All the while, negotiations
were going on between members of each party that slipped in and out of their
respective strongholds. Finally, both sides agreed to a 3
hour truce and broke for dinner together at the Cutler Arnold Hotel. Men
who had spent the day shooting at each other now spent a pleasant meal talking
and trading stories about the recent fighting!
After dinner,
the men parted company and headed for their respective redoubts to strengthen
the fortifications for the next day's battle. Pierce quickly sent for
reinforcements, but learned it would be ten days before any help could be
expected. He knew by then his own small force would probably be surrounded by
the local Roop County men. When a delegation from the
town showed up with a petition to cease the hostilities, Pierce took the
opportunity to offer the Roop men a deal. An armistice was signed pledging to
cease the battle and submit the grievances of both side to the proper officials
in California and Nevada to be settled.
A new survey
was ordered and it was determined that the town of Aurora lay in Nevada and the
Susanville and Honey Lake areas were in California. These boundaries were
ratified by both state's governments by early 1865, stranding the Roop County
people over the border in California.
Unable to completely accept this situation, the Honey Lake
residents finally gained independence from Plumas
County by forming Lassen County
with its seat at Susanville.
Peter Lassen
by Lassen County
historian, Tim I. Purdy
Peter Lassen was
born on October 31, 1800, at Farum,
Denmark, a small village
located fifteen miles from Copenhagen.
Lassen learned the blacksmith trade from his uncle, and this skill proved to be
most useful for him throughout his life.
Like many Europeans,
Lassen sought to escape poverty, and in 1830, he was granted permission to
leave Denmark for America. Lassen
arrived at Boston
and there applied his trade as a blacksmith. Lassen
continued his westward movement, first to Philadelphia
and then, in 1831, to Keytesville, Missouri.
Lassen remained in Missouri until 1839, when he left the area with a small
group going to Oregon.
Lassen arrived in Oregon
in the fall and stayed for the winter. In the
spring of 1840, he boarded the vessel the Lospanna
and sailed down the west coast, entering California
at Bodega Bay. From there he went to the Russian
colony of Fort Ross
and then proceeded to John A. Sutter’s Ranch, New Helvetia (Sacramento).
Lassen found himself
appointed as a member of a posse during an incident at Sutter’s Ranch. Two horses had been stolen and Lassen’s
group went to the northern Sacramento
Valley to retrieve them.
While on that expedition, Lassen came upon the confluence of the Sacramento River and Deer Creek. Lassen
was impressed with that country. Lassen
obtained Mexican citizenship, allowing him to own property and was subsequently
granted five Spanish leagues (22,000 acres) at Deer Creek.
In February 1845, Lassen’s Bosquejo Ranch was
established there and it became the northernmost settlement in California. Lassen
established Benton
City on the Bosquejo Ranch. In the
summer of 1847, Lassen returned to Missouri
to recruit settlers for his new community. In
the spring of 1848, he brought back a small group of emigrants and they were
the first to cross over the infamous Lassen Trail.
When Lassen arrived
at Benton City he found
it nearly vacated as his populous had moved to Sutter’s Mill and other points
following the discovery of gold. That was only the beginning of problems that
Lassen encountered with Benton
City. Prior to his
departure to Missouri
he had deeded over one-fifth of his ranch to Daniel Sill.
In May 1850, Lassen
deeded over one-half of his ranch to Joel Palmer to finance the purchase of a
small steamboat, the Lady Washington. The
steamer was to be the easiest method to transport supplies from Sacramento to Benton
City.
The boat encountered numerous problems with sand bars and snag trees on
the Sacramento River and was sunk. That disaster and other financial problems forced
Lassen to sell the remainder of his ranch to Henry Gerke. Thus, Lassen, now freed as a landholder, relocated
to Indian Valley,
Plumas County.
Lassen, like so many
others, had become intrigued by the possible existence of the fabled Gold Lake. In the late summer/early fall of 1850, Lassen, J. Goldsborough Bruff, and a small
group of men explored Northeastern California in search of Gold Lake, though
they never found it. In 1855, Lassen did find
gold, in the Honey
Lake Valley. That fall, Lassen, and his companions, Isadore Meyerwitz, Joseph Lynch,
Newton Hamilton, Marion Lawrence and John Duchene
built a log cabin near Lassen Creek and spent the winter in the Honey Lake
Valley.
Lassen continued
with many pursuits while he lived in the Honey
Lake Valley—he
was elected President of the Nataqua
Territory and also held
the position of Surveyor. In the fall of 1858,
news circulated of the silver discovery in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada. In the spring of 1859, Lassen organized a
prospecting party. It was divided into two
groups, one led by Captain W William Weatherlow and
the other by Lassen—that group consisted of Lassen, Edward Clapper and Lemericus Wyatt. The two
groups were to meet at the Black
Rock Canyon. Lassen and Company arrived first and remained to
wait for Weatherlow’s party—a fatal mistake.
On the morning on
April 26, 1859, Lassen’s camp was awakened by a
gunshot, a fatal one, striking the head of Clapper. Lassen
was killed by the second shot. Wyatt escaped and
rode horseback 124 miles to Susanville to safety and to relay the tragic event. Who murdered Clapper and Lassen is a question still
pondered to this day. Wyatt stated that they had
been attacked by Indians. However, many
historians are skeptical about Wyatt’s story and speculate that he murdered his
comrades.
Isaac Roop
By JUDGE A.T. BRUCE
1869
Publisher: Lassen Sagebrush*
Isaac
Newton Roop was born in Carroll County,
Maryland, on the thirteenth day
of March, 1822. His parents were natives of New York City, and of
German origin. They lived for some time in the State of Pennsylvania,
and in the year 1790, removed to the State of Maryland. Isaac was reared on a farm, and
though his father was wealthy, he enjoyed such limited opportunities for
education that, when he left home at the age of eighteen, he could scarcely
write his own name. This defect, however, was in due time quite remedied,
through the instrumentality of a Miss Nancy Gardner, a graduate of the
Transylvania College, with whom, in December, 1840, he established at once the
twofold relation of husband and pupil. Under her tutorage
he received a thorough English education, and laid the foundation work for that
period of usefulness that succeeded to him in his later years.
Miss Nancy
Gardiner was born in Pennsylvania,
December 22, 1822. In the same year of her marriage, she, with her husband,
moved to Ashland County, Ohio. Ten years later she died, leaving her
husband with three children, two sons and a daughter. Both of these sons
enlisted in the service of their country, during the Civil war, and
participated in the NorthWestern campaign under Gen. Rosecrans. The youngest, Isaiah Roop, was severely wounded
at the terrible battle of Stone
River, and died from its
effects the following year. The remaining son, John V. Roop, is now living in
the State of Iowa.
The daughter,
Mrs. Susan Arnold**, came to California
in the year 1862. She was much beloved by her father, and has
stood by his side to cheer him and administer to his comfort since the day of
her meeting him here. She resides in Susanville, Cal.,
in the home made beautiful by the hand of her illustrious father.
On the ninth
day of September, 1850, and but a few months after the
loss of his wife, Roop started for California.
He arrived in San Francisco
on the eighteenth day of October of the same year, and in June
following went to Shasta to keep a public house. His first three years in California were spent in
Shasta county, in farming and trading. During this period he also held the situation of Postmaster and of
School Commissioner. He had accumulated in that time upwards of fifteen
thousand dollars, worth of property, but in June 1853, lost it all by fire.
Stripped of
everything but an unconquerable will and being of an adventurous disposition,
he turned his back upon civilized life, and journeying
across the Sierras, took up his abode in Honey Lake Valley at that time a long distance from
any settlement, and solely inhabited by Indians. Here he located the land upon
which the city of Susanville
now stands, built a sawmill near by, and continued to
reside here up to the day of his death, February 14, 1869. During his residence
in Honey Lake Valley
he was engaged in lumbering, farming and trading, filled many offices of profit
and trust, and, to a considerable extent, followed the practice of law. The
beautiful valley first settled by him has grown up into a flourishing country,
and the little village which he laid out has become a
large and prosperous commercial town, and the county seat of Lassen county.
Honey Lake Valley, as lately as the year 1858, was considered by
its settlers as part of Utah
Territory... These early settlers, with other residents of western Utah, resolved, in the year 1859, to cut loose from all
political communication with Utah.
Accordingly, a convention was called in July of that year, which, having
drafted a Constitution for the new territory formed out of this part of Utah,
and christened Nevada, the same was adopted by the people, and an election held
in pursuance of its provisions for choosing a Governor and other territorial
officers.
At the election,
held on the seventh of September, Isaac N. Gov. Roop
was chosen Provisional Governor of the proposed territory (1858) by nearly a
unanimous vote. The first legislature elected in this new territory met and
organized in the town of Genoa, Carson Valley, on the fifteenth of December
1859. O.K. Pierson, of Carson City
was elected Speaker, H.S. Thompson, Clerk, and to the legislature
Governor Roop delivered his first Message. The Governor adjourned the
legislature to the first Monday in January following, whereof he informed the
people by proclamation. In that proclamation Governor
Roop gave the reasons of the people of the proposed territory for the
organization of a provisional government. The proclamation declared that they
had no protection for life, limb or property. They had
no courts or county organizations. Their political rights were entirely at the
will of a clique composed of those who were opposed to the first principles of
our Constitution and the freedom of the ballot box. Under these circumstances
all endeavored to secure relief from these impositions, and believing that a
provisional government would best assure protection of life, limb and property,
an election was held and all necessary arrangements made for the formation of
temporary government, until Congress should insure justice and
protection."
A
short time after, U.S. District Judge Cradlebaugh
succeeded in establishing his court in the new territory; a new delegate to
congress, in the person of John H. Musser, had been elected and dispatched to
Washington; extensive mines were discovered in the Carson Valley, which caused
an influx of population wholly unexpected at the time of the meeting of the
convention and only a portion of the members of the first legislature were
present at its first meeting wherefore, in the language of the proclamation,
"I Isaac N. Roop, Governor of the Provisional Territorial Government of
Nevada Territory, believing it to be the wish of the people still to rely upon
the sense of justice of Congress, and that it will this session, relieve us
from the numerous evils to which we are subjected, do proclaim the session of
the legislature adjourned until the first Monday in January 1860; and call upon
all good citizens to support with all their energies the laws and Government of
the United States."
During his
gubernatorial term many wise measures adopted for the
better security of the early settlers in western Utah, and quite extensive campaigns carried
on against the hostile Indians all along the border. He became very intimate
with Gen. Lander, and was joined by him in many of his
efforts for the suppression of Indian outrages.
After the
formation of the territory
of Nevada, in 1861,
Governor Roop was elected to the Territorial Senate. There he acquitted himself
honorably and won the lasting esteem of the entire population of the Territory.
In 1862 he became the leading spirit in a movement to
join the Honey Lake
Valley with the Territory of Nevada.
For three or four years previous thereto the boundary
line between California and Nevada had been in dispute. During that time many of the citizens of Honey
Lake Valley
acquiesced in the jurisdiction of Nevada.
The legislature of the Territory passed a bill fixing the boundaries of a new
county to be called Roop, so as to include Honey Lake
Valley, having its county
seat at Susanville.
A conflict of
jurisdiction almost immediately ensued. The Nevada
legislature thereupon appointed three commissioners, R.M Ford, Jas. W. Nye and I.N. Roop to present its memorial to the California legislature,
with a view to obtaining a change of the boundary line in accordance with the
recommendation of Congress. The legislature of the State of California
refused to grant the request, and two years afterward Governor Roop had the
satisfaction of seeing Honey Lake and its adjacent sister, Long Valley,
elected into a separate, independent county government. If he could not succeed
in placing his home where it naturally and properly belonged, he had been
successful in making it independent of the snows and summits of the Sierras.
With this he was partially content, as previous to this time the
county seats of the counties claiming jurisdiction over Honey
Lake Valley
were separated from it by the Sierra Nevada
mountains, which were impassable two thirds of the year. At an early day, as
soon as a post office was established in Susanville, he was appointed its
postmaster, which position he held up to the day of his death.
In politics,
Governor Roop belonged to the Wig party as long as it had an existence. In 1860 he voted for Stephen A. Douglas. At the outbreak of the
civil war in America he heartily
espoused the Union cause, and was identified with every movement among his
neighbors, to render aid and comfort it the soldiers in the field. In 1864 he supported Lincoln, both with his voice and his vote.
In 1865 he was elected to the office of District
Attorney for the County
of Lassen, receiving the
entire Democratic vote and nearly two thirds of the Republican vote. In 1867 he was reelected without opposition. From his earliest
settlement in the country he took a leading part in
all measures tending to the welfare of its citizens, and has had much to do
toward shaping the affairs of this coast. He was a man of enlarged mind and
noble and manly character. He possessed the elements of popularity in a high
degree, being frank, sociable and courteous, and of
unbounded hospitality.
Naturally he
was a man of quick perception, sensitive, high minded, and of approved courage.
Though owner at various times of large property, and surrounded with a rude
abundance, such had ever been his liberality in dealing, and so numerous his
kind offices, that at no time was his condition one of
financial independence. He was a man of fine physical development, standing nearly
six feet high, and well proportioned. He possessed regular features, and an
intelligent, cheerful, good natured countenance. His
florid complexion and light blue eyes indicated his active temperament and love
of outdoor pursuits. He died at his residence in Susanville, February 14, 1869,
after an illness of six days. He was buried with Masonic honors. The following
extract from the resolutions passed by the Lodge of which he was a member show
the esteem in which he was held, and finds an echo in every heart that knew
him.
"In
the death of Isaac N. Roop the Masonic Order has lost an ardent friend, one
ever attached to its precepts, one whose heart and hand were ever open to the
melting appeals of charity, whose benevolence, knowing no bounds, seemed to
embrace the vast sea of humanity, whose generous will extended itself for the
good of Masonry, and whose enlarged mind was ever impressed with the
controlling tenets, Charity, Relief and Brotherly Love. The benevolent impulses, the
charitable disposition, the generous promptings, emanations of a noble heart
the persevering will and manly attributes that adorned the intellect and
character of Isaac N. Roop. will ever be remembered by
his brethern of Lassen Lodge." From
"Representative and Leading Men of the Pacific,"
Edited
by Oscar T. Shuck.1870.
*NOTE: The
newspaper edited by Judge Bruce was the Lassen Sagebrush, the name later
changed to Lassen Advocate.
**Mrs. Susan
(Roop) Arnold passed
away July 22, 1921, aged 80 years. Both father and daughter were buried in
Susanville cemetery.
Why “The Land of Never-Sweats”?
Excerpted from The
California Gold Rush, by Lassen
County historian, Tim I
Purdy
Making a living from the Honey Lake
Valley soil was so easy
that the settlers who followed Roop and Lassen soon acquired an undeserved
reputation for indolence. In Northern California and in Western
Utah Territory,
the Honey Lake Valley
settlers were known as the ‘Never-Sweats’, a term that persisted until well
into the sixties. The Humboldt Register for April 30, 1864 published a sneering
anecdote to justify this sobriquet. “A ‘help-wanted’ advertiser”, said the
Register, “once interviewed three applicants for a job. When
he discovered that the men where ‘Honey Lakers’, he stalked off in a rage,
muttering darkly, "Honey
Lake be damned! I want men to work! Honey Lake!"”
But, the Never-Sweats of the fifties had
earned their ease, if they ever really had any. Many of them had drifted into
the valley in the wake of the Gold Lake excitement and had seen much of the hard and
dangerous life along the Yuba and Feather
Rivers. Men like Pelio Trutters, Comanche George
Lawrence, Sylvenus Conkey,
Dolphin Inman, and Ireton Warp had ‘seen the
elephant’ long before. Weather-beaten and sinewy, they had survived the
perilous illusions of the gold rush, and they yearned to put down stakes. If
the rich hay grew wild and the deer waxed fat, they deserved the fruits. After
all, unlike the fledgling and impressionable gold seekers, they had the
fortitude it took to settle down.
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Elizabeth E. Bullard-Watson
Lassen
County, California GenWeb
Project Coordinator since May 27, 2006
This page was last modified on July 13, 2006.
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